Analysts say loss-making China Eastern, squeezed by record fuel prices, would return to the negotiating table with Singapore Air and its parent Temasek to try and get a better deal.
A less favored option would be to submit to the Air China group's advances.
Singapore Airlines, the world's most profitable airline, which had hoped to gain access through the acquisition to China's fast-growing air travel industry, said in a statement it was disappointed but would continue to build a relationship with China Eastern.
The collapse of a deal two years in the making and blessed by the Beijing government highlights the unpredictability of a Chinese corporate scene that usually bows to politics.
Cathay Pacific, which already has an alliance with Air China, has bolstered the airline's case by saying it would seriously consider teaming up on a joint investment in China Eastern.
"There's not much difference between domestic airlines in terms of management expertise and branding," China Eastern Chairman Li Fenghua told reporters after minority shareholders torpedoed the Singapore Air deal.
"In this case, one and one would not equal more than two."
Air China's parent, China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC), has said it will submit a rival offer for China Eastern within two weeks.
The battle over an airline that has made losses in three of the past five years underscores the lure of an industry dominated by three players but which is growing at more than 16 percent a year ahead of this summer's Beijing Olympic Games.
"Air China seems committed to making a higher bid. But Singapore would have brought a lot of international management expertise to China Eastern," said Kelvin Lau, analyst at Daiwa Institute of Research.
CNAC, which owns 3.9 percent of China Eastern but which has more than 12 percent of its Hong Kong stock, had argued for weeks that the sale to Singapore was being done on the cheap -- a perennial worry among domestic investors fearing a fire-sale of Chinese assets to foreign firms.
Shares in China Eastern and Singapore Airlines were suspended on Tuesday, pending the vote. Air China ended the day down 3 percent as investors cashed out of its recent rally.
Days ahead of the vote, CNAC had signaled it would try to derail the agreed HKD$3.80 per share sale to Singapore Air, saying it would offer at least HKD$5 a share. Singapore Air and China Eastern insisted their deal was fair at six times the airline's end-2006 book value.
Analysts say Air China feared the creation of a strong competitor based in the commercial hub of Shanghai -- where Air China is traditionally weak.
Some said investors may now favor a tie-up between China Eastern and Air China, the world's most valuable airline by market capitalization, especially if Cathay gets on board.
Others said Singapore Airlines and Temasek could be persuaded to return to the table with a sweetened bid.
"With the deal vetoed, SIA's out of the picture for the time being. Obviously, that's a positive for both Cathay Pacific and Air China -- less competition," said CLSA analyst Adrian Lowe.
"My sense is they'll probably give up, given how things have played out, (but) some minority shareholders from China Eastern are hoping for a bidding war." (Reuters)